CARA'S TIPSPersonal and community health, environmental health, corrective and adapted PE
JAMBWAECNECO
What the syllabus asks
JAMB: disability, special needs, adapted activities, social and emotional problems, prevention, corrective exercises) and Section J (personal, community and environmental health: hygiene, screening, eye, ear and dental defects; community health services; maternal and child health; ageing and death education; housing, water, waste, pollution, pests and vectors)
WAEC: health education topics
NECO: health education topics
What you will learn
- Explain personal health and describe hygiene of body parts.
- Describe ways to maintain personal health and health screening.
- Describe eye, ear and dental defects and their correction.
- Describe orthodox and traditional health services.
- Explain maternal and child health services.
- Describe ageing, care of the elderly and death education.
- State characteristics of good housing and town planning rules.
- Describe water sources and purification, waste disposal and pollution control.
- Distinguish pests from vectors and describe their control.
- Define disability, describe adapted PE and prevention of disability, and plan corrective exercises.
Key points
- Personal health and hygiene of skin, hands, hair, teeth, eyes, ears, feet; menstrual hygiene.
- Maintain health: exercise, diet, sleep, no drugs, check-ups, immunisation.
- Myopia–concave; hypermetropia–convex; astigmatism–cylindrical; presbyopia; cataract.
- Otitis media; conductive vs sensorineural deafness; noise protection.
- Caries (sugar + plaque acid); gingivitis; fluoride toothpaste; mouthguards.
- PHC (Alma-Ata 1978), secondary and tertiary care; traditional services and their risks.
- MCH: ANC, safe motherhood, immunisation, ORT + zinc, breastfeeding.
- Ageing, care of the elderly, grief and causes of death.
- Good housing and town planning; overcrowding.
- Water sources and purification; refuse, sewage, sullage; pollution types and control.
- Pests vs vectors and their control (LLINs, environmental sanitation).
- Disability types; adapted PE; problems; prevention; corrective exercises.
Start here: Personal health and personal hygiene
Personal health is the state of physical, mental and social well-being of an individual, and the decisions and habits a person adopts to protect and improve it. It is the foundation of family and community health: a healthy individual learns better, works better, and protects others from disease.
Importance of personal health
Prevents disease and its spread; improves appearance and self-confidence; improves performance in school and sport; reduces medical costs; increases life expectancy and quality of life; sets a good example to others.
Personal hygiene: care of the body
- Skin: bathe at least once daily (twice in hot weather or after exercise) with soap and clean water; dry well, especially between toes (prevents athlete’s foot); change underwear and socks daily; wash sports kit after use. Dirty skin leads to body odour, scabies, ringworm and boils.
- Hands and nails: wash hands with soap and running water for at least 20 seconds after using the toilet, before eating or preparing food, after handling rubbish or animals, after coughing or sneezing. Keep nails short and clean. Handwashing is one of the most effective ways to prevent diarrhoea and respiratory infections.
- Hair: wash regularly, comb or brush, do not share combs, clippers or head ties (prevents lice and tinea capitis/ringworm of the scalp); barbers should sterilise clippers.
- Teeth and mouth: brush at least twice a day (especially last thing at night) with fluoride toothpaste for about 2 minutes; clean between teeth; rinse after meals; reduce sugary snacks and drinks; see a dentist regularly. The traditional chewing stick (pako) also cleans teeth when used properly.
- Eyes: wash with clean water; do not rub; read in good light; take breaks from screens (20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes look 20 feet away for 20 seconds); never use another person’s eye drops or traditional preparations in the eye.
- Ears: clean only the outer ear; do not insert sticks, pins or cotton buds deep into the ear canal; avoid very loud music.
- Feet: wash and dry; wear well-fitting shoes; avoid walking barefoot where hookworm larvae may be present.
- Clothing: clean, appropriate for weather and activity; separate sports and school clothing.
- Menstrual hygiene: girls should have clean pads or cloths, change them regularly (every 4–6 hours or as needed), wash hands, dispose of pads properly and bathe daily. Menstruation is normal and no reason to miss PE; light exercise often eases cramps.
Sharing combs and clippers can spread (A) ringworm of the scalp (B) diabetes (C) myopia (D) hypertension. Answer: A (tinea capitis).
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Practice questions
- Alma-Ata
- Ottawa
- Cairo
- Abuja
Show answer
A: Alma-Ata
WHO/UNICEF, in present-day Kazakhstan.
- 4
- 2
- 12
- 8
Show answer
D: 8
WHO 2016 ANC model.
- no fluids
- alcohol
- zinc for 10–14 days
- antibiotics always
Show answer
C: zinc for 10–14 days
Continue feeding.
- 80 and above
- 60 and above
- 40 and above
- 50 and above
Show answer
B: 60 and above
UN definition.
- 20 feet away for 20 seconds
- at the screen for 20 seconds
- at a light for 20 minutes
- at 20 cm for 20 minutes
Show answer
A: 20 feet away for 20 seconds
About 6 m.
Key words
- Personal health
- Well-being of an individual and the habits that protect it.
- Screening
- Testing healthy people to detect problems early.
- Myopia
- Short sight.
- Hypermetropia
- Long sight.
- Astigmatism
- Uneven curvature causing distortion.
- Otitis media
- Middle ear infection.
- Dental caries
- Tooth decay.
- Gingivitis
- Inflammation of the gums.
- PHC
- Primary health care.
- TBA
- Traditional birth attendant.
- ORS
- Oral rehydration solution.
- Sullage
- Waste water from kitchens and baths.
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