Islamic Studies · Lesson 5

Purification, prayer, zakah, fasting, Hajj and ‘Umrah, jihad

JAMBWAECNECO

What the syllabus asks

JAMB: 10 Ibadat: (a) good deeds (Q.3:134, 6:160, 2:177, 31:8, 103:1–3; Hadith 26); (b) taharah: istinja’/istijmar, wudu’, tayammum, ghusl (Q.2:222, 5:6; Hadith 10, 23); (c) salah: importance (Q.2:45, 20:132, 29:45; Hadith 23), description and types, what vitiates; (d) zakah: types and importance (Q.2:267, 9:103; Hadith 3), collection and disbursement (Q.9:60), zakah and sadaqah; (e) sawm: types (fard,…

WAEC: 3 Taharah; 4 Salat (meaning, importance, vitiating acts, congregation, sujud as-sahw, fard, nawafil, special prayers, salat as-safar); 6 Sawm; 7 Zakat; 8 Hajj

NECO: 3 Taharah; 4 Salat (meaning, importance, vitiating acts, congregation, sujud as-sahw, fard, nawafil, special prayers, salat as-safar); 6 Sawm; 7 Zakat; 8 Hajj

What you will learn

Identify what constitutes ‘ibadah and good deeds.
Distinguish the types of taharah and describe wudu’, ghusl and tayammum.
Assess the importance of salat and describe its conditions, pillars and performance.
Analyse the kinds of salat, things that vitiate it, sujud as-sahw and salat as-safar.
Explain the types, conditions, nisab and rates of zakah and calculate simple cases.
Distinguish zakah from sadaqah and explain its distribution (Q.9:60).
Compare the types of sawm, list those exempted and things that vitiate the fast.
Examine the importance, types, essentials and conditions of Hajj, and distinguish Hajj from ‘Umrah.
Examine the concept, kinds, manner and lessons of jihad.

Key points

‘Ibadah: specific and general; deeds need faith, sincerity, Sunnah.
Taharah: najasah vs hadath; water types; istinja’ and istijmar.
Q.5:6 (syllabus prints 5:7): wudu’, ghusl, tayammum; Maliki seven fara’id of wudu’.
Salat: 5 prayers, 17 rak‘at; conditions, pillars; 29:45, 2:45, 20:132.
Nawafil and special prayers: Jum‘ah, ‘Id, janazah, istisqa’, tarawih, kusuf, istikharah; joining late.
Vitiators; sahw (Bukhari 1231; Maliki before/after salam); qasr and jam‘ (4:101).
Zakah vs sadaqah; nisab; conditions; 9:103, 2:267.
2.5% money; livestock tables; 10%/5% crops; one sa‘ fitr; eight beneficiaries.
Sawm: types; voluntary days; intention, suhur, iftar; moon sighting.
Exemptions; vitiators; kaffarah (Bukhari 1936); benefits (Bukhari 1904).
Hajj: ability; ifrad, qiran, tamattu‘; arkan; rites 8–13 Dhul-Hijjah; ‘umrah.
Jihad: kinds; limits 2:190–193, 22:39–40; terrorism is not jihad.

Start here: ‘Ibadah and good deeds

‘Ibadah (worship) comes from ‘abd, servant. In its wide meaning it is everything Allah loves and is pleased with, in words and deeds, outward and inward. The purpose of creation is worship: “And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me” (Q.51:56).

Types of ‘ibadah: (1) specific (ritual) worship with fixed forms: salat, zakah, sawm, hajj; (2) general worship: any lawful act done with a good intention for Allah: work, study, caring for parents, removing harm from a road (Hadith 1, 26). Another division: worship of the heart (faith, love, fear, hope), the tongue (dhikr, Qur’an) and the body (salat, fasting).

Good deeds (JAMB 10a: Q.3:134; 6:160; 2:177; 31:8; 103:1–3; Hadith 26).

“Who spend [in the cause of Allah] during ease and hardship and who restrain anger and who pardon the people - and Allah loves the doers of good;” (Q.3:134) “Whoever comes [on the Day of Judgement] with a good deed will have ten times the like thereof [to his credit], and whoever comes with an evil deed will not be recompensed except the like thereof; and they will not be wronged.” (Q.6:160) “Indeed, those who believe and do righteous deeds - for them are the Gardens of Pleasure.” (Q.31:8)

Q.6:160 shows Allah’s generosity: a good deed is rewarded ten times, a bad deed only once. Q.2:177 (ir3) defines righteousness as faith plus charity, salat, zakah, keeping promises and patience. Al-‘Asr (ir2) says faith, good deeds and mutual advice save from loss.

Hadith 26 of an-Nawawi’s Forty: Every joint must give charity

عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه و سلم "كُلُّ سُلَامَى مِنْ النَّاسِ عَلَيْهِ صَدَقَةٌ، كُلَّ يَوْمٍ تَطْلُعُ فِيهِ الشَّمْسُ تَعْدِلُ بَيْنَ اثْنَيْنِ صَدَقَةٌ، وَتُعِينُ الرَّجُلَ فِي دَابَّتِهِ فَتَحْمِلُهُ عَلَيْهَا أَوْ تَرْفَعُ لَهُ عَلَيْهَا مَتَاعَهُ صَدَقَةٌ، وَالْكَلِمَةُ الطَّيِّبَةُ صَدَقَةٌ، وَبِكُلِّ خُطْوَةٍ تَمْشِيهَا إلَى الصَّلَاةِ صَدَقَةٌ، وَتُمِيطُ الْأَذَى عَنْ الطَّرِيقِ صَدَقَةٌ". ، .

On the authority of Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) who said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, “Every joint of a person must perform a charity each day that the sun rises: to judge justly between two people is a charity. To help a man with his mount, lifting him onto it or hoisting up his belongings onto it, is a charity. And the good word is a charity. And every step that you take towards the prayer is a charity, and removing a harmful object from the road is a charity.”

Arabic and English as on sunnah.com (nawawi40:26).

Conditions for a deed to be accepted: (1) faith (Q.16:97), (2) sincerity: done for Allah alone (Hadith 1), (3) conformity with the Sunnah (Hadith 5).

Importance of ‘ibadah: it fulfils the purpose of life; purifies the soul; builds discipline and taqwa; strengthens the community (congregation, zakah, hajj); and earns reward in the Hereafter.

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Practice questions

1. The number of obligatory rak‘at in the five daily prayers is

Show answer

A: 17
Fajr 2, Zuhr 4, ‘Asr 4, Maghrib 3, ‘Isha’ 4.

2. Dry ablution with clean earth when water is unavailable is

ghusl
wudu’
istinja’
tayammum

Show answer

D: tayammum
Q.5:6.

3. A prostration made to repair forgetfulness in salat is

qunut
witr
sujud as-sahw
sujud at-tilawah

Show answer

C: sujud as-sahw
Bukhari 1231.

4. The rate of zakah on money and trade goods is

20%
2.5%
10%
5%

Show answer

B: 2.5%
One-fortieth.

5. Crops watered by rain carry zakah of

10%
2.5%
5%
20%

Show answer

A: 10%
5% if irrigated by effort (Bukhari 1483).

Key words

‘Ibadah: Worship.
Taharah: Purity, purification.
Najasah: Physical impurity.
Hadath: Ritual impurity (minor or major).
Istinja’ / istijmar: Cleaning after the toilet with water / with stones or tissue.
Wudu’: Ablution.
Ghusl: Ritual bath.
Tayammum: Dry ablution with clean earth.
Rak‘ah: A unit of salat.
Sujud as-sahw: Prostration of forgetfulness.
Qasr / jam‘: Shortening / combining prayers on a journey.
Nisab: Minimum amount liable to zakah.

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